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The Antibiotic Apocalypse Explained
What is the Antibiotic Apocalypse? What is it all about? And how dangerous is it? Kurzgesagt MERCH! Support us on Patreon so we can make more stuff (and get cool wallpapers): https://www.patreon.com/Kurzgesagt?ty=h Get the music of the video here: Soundcloud: Bandcamp: Epic Mountain Music: THANKS A LOT TO OUR LOVELY PATRONS FOR SUPPORTING US: Sara […]
Protein Synthesis (Updated)
Explore the steps of transcription and translation in protein synthesis! This video explains several reasons why proteins are so important before explaining the roles of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA in the steps of protein synthesis! Expand details for contents and resources. 👇Video handouts and resources on http://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts. This video replaces our old protein synthesis video: […]
Fertilization
To license this video for patient education or content marketing, visit: http://www.nucleushealth.com/?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=video-description&utm_campaign=fertile-013113
This video, created by Nucleus Medical Media, shows human fertilization, also known as conception. Shown at a cellular level magnification, sperm struggle through many obstacles in the female reproductive tract to reach the egg. Then genetic material from the egg and a single sperm combines to form a new human being.
This animation was a finalist in the 2012 SIGGRAPH Computer Animation Festival.
Nucleus Team: Thomas Brown, Stephen Boyd, Ron Collins, Mary Beth Clough, Kelvin Li, Erin Frederikson, Eric Small, Walid Aziz, Nobles Green.
ANH12063
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Could There Be Another Polio Epidemic in the U.S.?
Paul Alexander is one of the last few remaining polio survivors that depend on iron lungs—half-century-old machines that force inhabitants to breathe.
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STUDY POWER | Focus, Increase Concentration, Calm Your Mind | White Noise For Homework & School
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Here's to your goal of epic success in school and beyond. Here's to that crunch time before deadline, where brilliance is forged. Here's to staying in the moment and accomplishing more than you thought possible.
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While playing this soothing sound, your mind will relax and focus on what's important. The sound will block out distracting noises, and the nagging voices in your mind will cease. This is your brain at its best. Use this time to power through whatever work you need to accomplish. Do it with flair.
© Relaxing White Noise LLC, 2015. All rights reserved. Any reproduction or republication of all or part of this video/audio is prohibited.
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Diaphragmatic Excursion – Physical Exam
Diaphragmatic excursion is the movement of the thoracic diaphragm during breathing. Normal diaphragmatic excursion should be 3–5 cm, but can be increased in well-conditioned persons to 7–8 cm. This measures the contraction of the diaphragm. It is performed by asking the patient to exhale and hold it. The provider then percusses down their back in […]
Pseudotumor Cerebri
Pseudotumor Cerebri
Instructional Tutorial Video
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Pharmacology: Drugs for Heart Failure, Animation
Mechanisms of actions of ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), Beta-blockers, Aldosterone receptor antagonists (ARAs), Digoxin, Ivabradine, Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor, ARNIs (sacubitril/valsartan), Diuretics, Vasodilators. Role of RAAS, sympathetic system and natriuretic peptide system in pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure (CHF) and rational for treatment of HF.
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Heart failure is when the heart is unable to pump effectively, called systolic heart failure; or unable to fill properly, called diastolic heart failure. In both cases, blood output is reduced. Ejection fraction is reduced in systolic heart failure, but typically preserved in diastolic heart failure.
The pathophysiology of heart failure involves a vicious cycle in which reduced cardiac output, as a compensatory response, activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic system. However, these systems cause vasoconstriction, increase heart rate and blood pressure, making it even harder for the heart to pump. Increased aldosterone level also promotes ventricular remodeling, myocardial scarring, and vascular injury, worsening the disease.
On the other hand, the natriuretic peptide system is also activated. This system is protective to the heart. It promotes vasodilation, sodium and water excretion, and inhibits cardiac remodeling.
Most drugs used in heart failure therapy aim to inhibit RAAS and sympathetic activities, and/or promote the natriuretic system. Other drugs increase ventricular contractility or reduce water retention – a major heart failure symptom.
First-line therapy for patients with reduced ejection fraction typically includes an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and a beta-blocker.
- ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II in RAAS, thereby inhibiting RAAS activity. Common side effects include dry cough, headache, and hypotension. Rarely, ACE inhibitors may cause a swelling reaction known as angioedema.
- Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) inhibit the effects of angiotensin-II. Their mechanism of action is similar to that of ACE inhibitors, but they do not usually cause a cough.
- Beta-blockers decrease heart rate by binding to β1-adrenergic receptor in the heart and blocking the sympathetic influences that act through these receptors. Adverse effects: hypotension, bradycardia and AV blocks.
- Vasodilators reduce blood pressure and are usually used for patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
- Diuretics are often prescribed to relieve fluid retention. Loop diuretics are most powerful and typically used for most patients. Thiazides are less effective, but they also have a vasodilation effect, and are thus preferred for patients with hypertension but only mild fluid retention.
- Aldosterone receptor antagonists block the action of aldosterone. Because aldosterone’s primary function is to promote sodium and water retention, and potassium excretion; aldosterone antagonists act as potassium-sparing diuretics. However, their effect in heart failure treatment is also attributed to the inhibition of aldosterone’s damaging impact on the heart and blood vessels.
- Digoxin increases cardiac contractility by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump, causing intracellular sodium concentration to rise. This then leads to higher levels of intracellular calcium via the action of sodium-calcium exchanger. Higher calcium results in increased muscle contraction. Digoxin also decreases sympathetic activities, slowing down heart rate.
- Ivabradine slows the heart rate by inhibiting the “funny” channel responsible for spontaneous firing of the SA node. Adverse effects include bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, and vision problems.
- ARNIs are a new class of medications. ARNI therapy consists of a neprilysin inhibitor and an ARB.
Hypertension – Overview
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